So this past Shabbat, I davened at Shira Hadasha, the egalitarian shul in Emek Refaim (German Colony - Moshava ha-Germanit), Jerusalem. Basically, the women can read from the Torah, whether the berakha on the Torah (i.e. aliyah to say "barechu") or reading from the Torah (ba'al koreh --> ba'alah korah), as the individual case may be. Actually, every time a man got an aliyah, a woman read, and every time a woman got an aliyah, a man read.
The justification for this is that the Gemara forbids women to read based on kavod ha-tzibur, the honor of the congregation. The commentaries explain that if a woman reads from the Torah, it impugns the men as being illiterate, that they cannot read themselves. But firstly, the men can waive their honor if they so choose. Second, since olim to the Torah don't read themselves anyway, their literacy is not impugned by a woman's getting an aliyah. (Of course, if a woman actually reads from the Torah herself, as a ba'alah korah, then the men's literacy may very well be impugned. But firstly, Shira Hadasha has both men and women reading, so apparently, the men are no less literate than the women. Secondly, as I said, the men can waive their own honor anyway.)
Women can also lead certain parts of the service, such as Kabbalat Shabbat or Pesukei Dezimra, i.e. parts that men aren't hayav (obligated) in. The shaliah tzibur (hazan, cantor, prayer leader) fulfills the obligation of those who listen to him and say amen, and there is a law that one can fulfill another's obligation only if (s)he is him/her-self obligated in that same obligation. Thus, if a man is obligated to say the Amidah and a woman is not, then a woman cannot fulfill the man's obligation. This limits the roles the women can fill, but nevertheless, anywhere where men and women's obligations are equal, Shira Hadasha allows the women to fulfill that obligation for men.
I must say, it was quite pleasant davening there. The women could sing to Kabbalat Shabbat with their full voices, just as the men do, without getting stoned or having acid thrown at them. Similarly, during the Mourner's Kaddish, the women answered with their full voices without being thrown out the windows. I could tell that the female congregants were able to act like normal human beings. If I'm not mistaken, women actually are fully-fledged humans themselves.
-----
Besides that, I've moved into my new yeshiva, Yeshivat Petah Tiqwa. I'm still settling in, and feeling a bit homesick, but things are going generally well.
Shabbat Right After the Chag, and Missing Family...
-
We have just come down from the spiritual "up" of the holiday of Shavuot,
which celebrates, in addition to the offering of the first fruits
(originally it ...
13 hours ago


10 comments:
1) What is the basis for the tzibbur to be mochel its kavod?
2) What is the basis for a minyan composed entirely on women to recite d'varim sh'b'kedusha?
Also, if you get a chance, please post some more about your new yeshiva (perhaps in contrast to your previous one)
The women could sing to Kabbalat Shabbat with their full voices, just as the men do, without getting stoned or having acid thrown at them.
I like this!
All the best at your new yeshivah. I too would be interested in knowing how different it is from the previous one.
You'll be telling me about your new yeshiva, so I don't need to ask. But Shira Hadasha sounds like a place I'd love to pray in! Too bad you only just went there and can't go back often. Hope you find a similar place in Petakh Tikvah.
Your dad was asking me why traditionally women can't be on the bima. Obviously it isn't just a matter of "can't, period". (No pun intended with the word "period".) You and I will have to talk offline about this.
Skeptic: So far as I can tell, very few (if any) argue that the men cannot waive their own honor. Rabbi Henkin, for example, in his article on partnership minyanim, while questioning sociologically whether these congregations will remain Orthodox, nevertheless concedes that technically speaking, they have halakhic basis.
As for a minyan of women saying devarim she'b'kedusha, such as Kedushah and Kaddish, I don't know. I think some let them, some don't, but I don't really know. Good point.
Regarding women being on the bima: Rabbi Yehuda Herzl Henkin, a huge rabbi here in Israel, discusses in one of his books, the issue of women saying Kaddish. He notes that all the traditional literature forbids women to say the Mourner's Kaddish. However, he notes, until recently, only one person ever said Kaddish for the congregation. Therefore, it was considered immodest for a woman to come down from the gallery to say Kaddish for everyone. But today, he says, since everyone says Kaddish in unison, there is no issue with women saying it. He doesn't even have to ask the hypothetical question of whether today we'd consider it immodest for one woman to say Kaddish for the congregation, since this is never done anymore anyway. (I'd still be interested in what his answer would be.)
R. Henkin does not seem to say that the tzibbur can be mochel its kavod in the article you cite -- he just mentions that as an assumption made by another author.
And if you "don't really know" regarding d'varim sh'b'kedusha, then perhaps you should qualify your language "then know that women can also form their own women-only prayer groups" -- perhaps they can't, in which case Shira Chadasha would be their only outlet (with the presence of a 'true' minyan of men), against the advice of the very rabbi you approvingly quote.
The issue is far more painfully complex (to those of us with universalistic impulses) than your post allows.
From what I've read on guidelines for what are called halakhic minyans, as well as for women's only tefillah groups, women cannot say barchu,kedusha, or kaddish. I haven't seen any Orthodox sources permitting this.
Glad you got to check it out, it's definitely something I want to see when I hopefully get to visit Israel!
Skeptic,
I'll have to check Rabbi Henkin again.
Skeptic and Naamah,
You're both right. I took the paragraph out about women's prayer groups.
Shira Hhadasha isn't Egalitarian — ‘egalitarian’ means that gender/sex have no bearing on one's roles. Shira Hhadasha just reassigns the relative balance of 'male roles' and 'female roles' in tefilla. I've met many egalitarian people who became enamored of Sh.Hh., attended it regularly for a few months, and then left when they finally realized it wasn't fulfilling their egal needs.
It may be too late if you already left Yerushalayim, but at Yedidya their pamphlet explaining women's torah readings mentions something about the opinion that 10 women can form a minyan on their own.
In terms of being mohheil kavod — some of the 'Partnership Minyans' i've seen hold that there is no need to forgo the kevod hatzibbur, because their tzibbur constitutes itself with a different definition of kavod. So you don't even have to ask the question whether they can be mohheil, because they don't need to. So that's one way at least some of them look at it, but i don't remember if it's R' Dr. Sperber's theory or not.
What is Yedidya, and is their pamphlet easily available to me without stepping out the front door?
You're right that Shira Hadasha doesn't go the whole way; that would require letting women form their own minyanim. I'd like to see someone try to justify that, if possible.
As for kavod ha-tzibur: I'd personally be reticent to redefine "kavod", because that risks the accusation that one is going against Hazal. It is much better to show that one is acting properly even according to Hazal, even according to their definition of kavod.
Cf. Rabbi Haim David Halevy on women studying Talmud: one of the kibbutz ha-dati rabbis said something to the effect that Hazal's prohibition is sexist, and that today women may learn Talmud. Rabbi Halevi blasted this as disrespectful and illegitimate, and he himself proceeded to note that according to Rambam, women may not learn Talmud because they lack the proper intellectual ability. Rabbi Halevi noted that today, women go to school and do have the requisite intellectual abilities, and so, he said, according to Rambam, there is no prohibition today for women to learn Talmud.
I love Rabbi Halevi. A student of Rabbi Berkovits's told me that Rabbi Halevi was the last of the great poseqim.
Women's minyanim also wouldn't be egalitarian (at least in the common sense of the term) — egalitarian would be mixed minyanim, where anyone can do anything, not women having their own minyans and men having their own minyans in which only the correct sex can participate.
Yedidya is a Modern Orthodox shul in Baq‘a with a high Anglo population. Works sort of like an indy minyan in that they don't have a single community authority. Has relations with Pardes, נאמני תורה ועבודה, the Israeli equivalent of JOFA, etc. They are also known for being part of the small Dati-with-Left-Wing-Politics community. It was my main shul during my time in Israel.
Post a Comment